Understanding Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)

What is Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)?

The Hepatitis C virus (HCV) replicates in the liver, causing inflammation and potentially leading to cirrhosis or liver cancer. There are six main strains of HCV, with the most common in the UK being genotype 1 and genotype 3.

HCV can remain dormant in the body for decades, making it difficult to determine the exact number of infections. In the UK, it is estimated that approximately 215,000 people are infected. The majority of cases are found among individuals who inject illegal drugs, with up to 50% of injecting drug users estimated to be infected with Hepatitis C.

About 80% of those exposed to HCV develop a chronic infection, while 20% are able to naturally clear the virus and build immunity. Symptoms are not always a reliable indicator of HCV infection, and a blood test is required to confirm its presence.

Symptoms of Hepatitis C

Symptoms of Hepatitis C can resemble those of Hepatitis B and may include:

• Flu-like symptoms, such as muscle aches and fever
• Persistent tiredness
• Loss of appetite
• Abdominal pain
• Nausea and vomiting

Transmission of Hepatitis C

Hepatitis C is primarily transmitted through:

• Illegal injection drug use
• Blood transfusions or organ transplants from an infected donor
• Tattooing procedures using contaminated equipment
• Occupational exposure to blood, particularly needle sticks
• Transmission from an infected mother to her unborn baby

Much like HIV and Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C is not spread through casual contact such as handshakes, sharing food, or using public facilities.

Treatment for Hepatitis C

Treatment for Hepatitis C can be effective and usually involves taking medications for several weeks. The infection is classified as acute if it is recent and chronic if it persists for several months. For acute infections, treatment may not start immediately and can be monitored through blood tests. Chronic infections typically require treatment.

Hepatitis C treatment often includes:

• Lifestyle changes to prevent further liver damage and reduce infection spread
• Medication, which is generally administered for 8 to 48 weeks depending on the viral strain

Regular blood tests are conducted to monitor the effectiveness of the treatment. Side effects can vary depending on the medication type, the patient, and any other medications being taken. Special considerations are needed for pregnant women, as treatment may be postponed until after birth to avoid potential risks to the unborn baby.

The success of treatment can depend on the strain of the virus. For example, genotype 1 was historically difficult to treat, but recent advancements have improved cure rates. If initial treatment is unsuccessful, alternative or combined medications may be used.

It is important to note that even after successful treatment, a patient is not immune to future infections with Hepatitis C.